A three-dimensional nonlinear modeling strategy for simulating the seismic response of slender reinforced concrete structural walls with different cross-sectional shapes is presented in this paper. A combination of nonlinear multi-layer shell elements and displacement-based beam-column elements are used to model the unconfined and confined parts of the walls, respectively. A uniaxial material model for reinforcing steel bars that includes buckling and low-cyclic fatigue effects is used to model

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... the longitudinal steel bars within the structural walls. The material model parameters related to the buckling length are defined based on an analytical expression for reinforcing steel bars embedded in reinforced concrete elements, which are developed based on beam-on-springs model, and validated with experimental tests of boundary elements of structural walls available in the literature. Six experimental case studies of reinforced concrete walls with rectangularshape, T-shape, and U-shape cross-section are used to validate the structural wall numerical modeling strategy. Dhakal, R. P.; Pampanin, S. (2017) : Numerical modeling of rectangular reinforced concrete structural walls. Journal of Structural Engineering, vol. 143, no. 6, 04017031. Dazio, A.; Beyer, K.; Bachmann, H. (2009): Quasi-static cyclic tests and plastic hinge analysis of RC structural walls. Engineering Structures, vol. 31, no. 7, pp. 1556-1571. Dhakal, R. P.; Maekawa, K. (2002): Reinforcement stability and fracture of cover concrete in reinforced concrete members. Journal of Structural Engineering, vol. 128, no. 10, pp. 1253-1262. Eom, T. S.; Kang, S. M.; Park, H. G.; Choi, T. W.; Jin, J. M. (2014): Cyclic loading test for reinforced concrete columns with continuous rectangular and polygonal hoops. Engineering Structures, vol. 67, pp. 39-49. Ghorbani-Renani, I.; Velev, N.; Tremblay, R.; Palermo, D.; Massicotte, B. et al. (2009): Modeling and testing influence of scaling effects on inelastic response of shear walls. ACI Structural Journal, vol. 106, no. 3. Gomes, A.; Appleton, J. (1997): Nonlinear cyclic stress-strain relationship of reinforcing bars including buckling. Engineering Structures, vol. 19, no. 10, pp. 822-826. Kashani, M. M.; Lowes, L. N.; Crewe, A. J.; Alexander, N. A. (2015): Phenomenological hysteretic model for corroded reinforcing bars including inelastic buckling and low-cycle fatigue degradation. Computers and Structurers, vol. 156, pp. 58-71. Kato, D.; Kanaya, J.; Wakatsuki, K. (1995): Buckling strains of main bars in reinforced concrete members. Proceedings of the EASEC-5, pp. 699-704. Kato, D.; Ooya, H. (1993): Experimental study on buckling behavior of intermediate longitudinal bars in R/C members. Proceedings of the Japan Concrete Institute, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 425-430. Kim, S. H.; Koutromanos, I. (2016): Constitutive model for reinforcing steel under cyclic loading. Journal of Structural Engineering, vol. 142, no. 12, 04016133. Kolozvari, K.; Arteta, C.; Fischinger, M.; Gavridou, S.; Hube, M. et al. (2018): Comparative study of state-of-the-art macroscopic models for planar reinforced concrete walls.