Adaptive Distributed Gateway Discovery with Swarm Intelligence in Hybrid Wireless Networks

Gongjing Zhang, Jingwei Hu
2014 International Journal of Future Generation Communication and Networking  
Hybrid Wireless Networks are emerging as a promising new technology, benefiting from both fixed and ad-hoc networks technologies whilst alleviating some critical problems in these networks. Gateway discovery is one of the major components in order to realize a HWN, and it has to be optimized in order to release wireless resources for the data transmissions. In this sense, we apply biologically inspired metaphor to the Gateway Discovery problem in these networks, and present a new
more » ... ve Distributed gateway Discovery with Swarm Intelligence (ADDSI). Simulations have been conducted to demonstrate the performance of the proposed approach and to compare it with certain existing schemes in terms of packet delivery ratio, average end-to-end delay and normalized routing overhead. We advocate a totally distributed approach-ADDSI (Adaptive Distributed gateway Discovery with Swarm Intelligence) in HWNs. b) We propose a novel mobility prediction model to realistically estimate the mobility strength of a concerned node. The proposed estimation model is integrated into ADDSI, and the node's mobility prediction value is used as the route selection criterion. With the help of this new mechanism, ADDSI discovers available stable routes, establishes more efficient multicast routes and is better adapted to network topology changes. c) After the forwarding set initialization, each data source periodically deploys a small packet that behaves like an ant to opportunistically explore different paths to the GW. This exploration mechanism enables the new scheme to discover new forwarding set that yields lower total forwarding costs under some limitations i.e. mobility threshold. d) The ADDSI algorithm is inspired by a hypothesis that the gateway advertisements should only be targeted to those nodes which are looking for the gateway (such as active data sources); and other nodes should not be hampered with the periodic gateway advertisements. e) We evaluate ADDSI using the NS-2 simulator and the experimental results prove that our new scheme is more effective. In particular, ADDSI is practical to enhance the dependability of communication, improve packet delivery ratio and reduce the normalized control overhead. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we present the state of the art achievements in gateway discovery mechanisms. After that we propose our novel scheme called Adaptive Distributed gateway Discovery with Swarm Intelligence (ADDSI) in Section 3. Furthermore, simulation-based performance evaluation of ADDSI scheme is presented in Section 4. Finally, we conclude the paper in Section 5. Motivation and Related Works The interconnection of MANETs and the Internet is supported by an Internet Gateway that provides the necessary configuration parameters to the mobile nodes. Gateways are generally the specialized nodes, which lie in the ad-hoc network and also have connectivity with the fixed network, such as Internet. With the help of gateway discovery mechanisms, nodes in the mobile ad-hoc network discover the route towards the gateway for different reasons, for instance, to communicate with a node in the fixed network or to access the Internet or Intranet. In the existing literature, different proposals for gateway discovery have used either reactive or proactive mechanisms [2] . In proactive approaches, the gateway periodically sends the Gateway Advertisements (GWADV) messages, which are flooded throughout the entire ad-hoc network. The GWADV is employed to update the route to the Internet Gateway. The interval of emission of these messages is set to a fixed value (T). When a stored route is used, the node can detect that it is no longer valid. Alternatively, in reactive approaches, the nodes which require connectivity to the gateway broadcast the Gateway Solicitation (GWSOL) messages. These solicitation messages are responded by the gateways. In the recent studies, according to the global connectivity support, the hybrid gateway discovery could be considered as the combination of the two previous
doi:10.14257/ijfgcn.2014.7.5.12 fatcat:jugmkbfrs5hu7ifczen4ktbmju