Class 2 CRISPR-Cas proteins have been widely developed as genome editing and transcriptional regulating tools. Class 1 type I CRISPR-Cas constitutes ~60% of all the CRISPR-Cas systems. However, only type I-B and I-E systems have been used to control mammalian gene expression and for genome editing. Here we demonstrate the feasibility of using type I-F system to regulate human gene expression. By fusing transcription activation domain to Pseudomonas aeruginosa type I-F Cas proteins, we activate

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... ene transcription in human cells. In most cases, type I-F system is more efficient than other CRISPR-based systems. Transcription activation is enhanced by elongating the crRNA. In addition, we achieve multiplexed gene activation with a crRNA array. Furthermore, type I-F system activates target genes specifically without off-target transcription activation. These data demonstrate the robustness and programmability of type I-F CRISPR-Cas in human cells.