Early modern Europeans developed several ways of thinking about the Qur'an and the person whom they took to be its author, the Prophet Muḥammad. This article looks at two distinct traditions of reading the Qur'an as law and as literature and shows how these traditions intersected and eventually merged. Together, they made the Qur'an fruitful for 'thinking with' under a variety of headings. Philologists, not philosophes, advanced this long-term process, though prominent non-scholars such as

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... Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778) took advantage of its fruits and used the example of Muḥammad and the Qur'an in their work. The Qur'an made another contribution to what is now called the Enlightenment. Not too foreign and yet at an intellectually productive distance from Judaism and Christianity, it was a useful point of comparison for the Hebrew Bible. The reinterpretation of Hebrew Bible and Qur'an proceeded in lock step, often through bi-directional comparison, as both works came to be perceived through new aesthetic, rhetorical, and historical lenses. As a result, the two works converged as never before in European intellectual history. What is more, the study of the Qur'an helped to generate a new comparative concept: that of lowercase, plural scriptures.