Hybrid photovoltaic/thermal systems have emerged as a key energy technology as a result of the photovoltaic thermal PV/capacity T's to simultaneously produce electrical and thermal energy. Over the last couple of decades, much attention has been paid to photovoltaic–thermal systems due to their benefits over solar thermal and photovoltaic applications. This paper will concentrate on direct contact systems in order to demonstrate the various electrical and thermal features of

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... systems. The main objective of researchers and manufacturers is to improve photovoltaic/thermal collector efficiency by employing state-of-the-art materials and design concepts and appropriately integrating them into solar modules and thermal absorbers. Additionally, it is important to lower the cost of these systems and increase their market competitiveness. As well as, PV/T systems are critical for supplying electricity in a clean and ecologically beneficial manner.