iv outcomes of interest, probiotic strain selection, storage, dose, duration and microbial quality assurance, stool sample collection, storage, and analysis, and reporting of results. We believe that following these guidelines will increase the internal validity of future RCTs in this field and hence confidence in their results. If such multicentre RCTs confirm that probiotic supplementation improves the clinical outcomes of neonates with CGISCs, it will be incorporated into their routine

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... al management protocols. Overall, the results of this PhD project have the potential to change clinical practice and improve the outcomes of neonates with CGISCs.