It has been postulated that the association between periodontal disease and systemic conditions may be because of the confounding effects of smoking. Studies of this type rarely investigate the adverse pregnancy outcomes like preterm birth or low birth weight. This study evaluates relationship between periodontal disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Aim: The aim of this study was to compare and evaluate the relationship between IL-1β and TNF-α levels and adverse pregnancy outcomes in females

more »

... with a history of smoking and non-smokers. Materials and methods: 40 pregnant women recruited in a hospital were examined. Data including history of smoking or passive smoking before pregnancy was collected. Patients with advanced gingivitis and periodontitis were selected. GCF samples was collected 2-4 days post operatively. Eliza kits were used for analysis of TNF-α and IL-1 β .The samples collected were immediately transferred to an eppendorf tube and stored at -80 C till the analysis was done. Results: The results of the study suggest that increased TNF-α and IL-1 β levels signify that adverse pregnancy outcomes in women who are non-smokers and those with a history of smoking are because of the confounding effects of smoking on periodontitis.