yama Recently , Magnetic Resonance Angiography and three − dimensional CT angiography have become important tools for neurosurgeons and neuroradiologists . In the daily clinical diagnosis , the number of diagnost 孟 c cerebral angiographies performed has actually been reduced , but its dominant position in the evaluation of detailed inf { ) rma − tion for advanced treatment of skull base diseases , such as dural arteriovenous fistulas , arteriovenous malforma − tions, or skull base tumors ,

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... remains and is much required , Classical venous anatomy and landmarks are not described in this chapter . We illustrate how to obtain much clearer venous images and analyze venous hemodynamic conditions from the aspect of endovascular treatment or direct surgery . Practically important points of venous findings fbr treatments are also described here mainly from the standpoint of ' ' venous cross roads " .