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What Makes Complex Systems Complex?
2018
Journal on Policy and Complex Systems
This paper explores some of the factors that make complex systems complex. We first examine the history of complex systems. It was Aristotle's insight that how elements are joined together helps determine the properties of the resulting whole. We find (a) that scientific reductionism does not provide a sufficient explanation; (b) that to understand complex systems, one must identify and trace energy flows; and (c) that disproportionate causality, including global tipping points, are all around
doi:10.18278/jpcs.4.2.6
fatcat:7f3jauw5gngttpijhuroavblcq