Glucose is the major energy source in neurons. Recent evidence suggests that inhibiting either glycolysis or oxidative phosphorylation results in a local depletion of ATP in presynaptic terminals, which impairs vesicle recycling during sustained synaptic transmission 1,2 . However, it is not clear which step in the synaptic vesicle recycling process is most critically limited by the availability of ATP, since ATP is required at multiple steps during this process including endocytosis, endosomal

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... sorting, and refilling of neurotransmitters ( Figure 1 ).