We investigate the robustness of PRNU-based camera identification in cases where the test images have been passed through common image processing operations. A specific question we aim to answer is how camera identification can be circumvented by an nontechnical user, applying only standard and/or freely available software. We study denoising, recompression, out-of-camera demosaicing. We measure the beneficial effect of JPEG block artifact removal on camera identification accuracy. We examine

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... e extent to which JPEG block artifact removal helps circumvention by improving the performance of a denoiser that is used to remove PRNU features. We evaluate the effectiveness of the StirMark watermark remover as a tool for circumventing camera identification, and we examine the similarities and differences between watermark circumvention and camera identification circumvention.