durable to fast-charging and capable of high capacities for long-range operation are required. BEV range is largely limited by the individual lithium-ion (Li-ion) cell energies, which in turn is dictated by the electrode chemistry and operating conditions, for example: the choice of anode and cathode, charging rate, and upper cut-off voltage. In commercial applications, the anode is often sized in accordance to the achievable capacity of the cathode, plus an appropriate safety buffer, and

more »

... uently, in many situations, the cathode dictates the cell capacity, and thus BEV range, [1] and the cell is said to be "cathode limited." A variety of layered transition metal oxide materials have been developed to operate as the cathode for Li-ion cells. For instance, the discovery of LiCoO 2 (LCO) in 1980 revolutionized the portable electronics industry; [2] however, because the Co 3+/4+ energy band overlaps with the O 2− , LCO suffers low practical capacities due to instabilities at higher voltages that can trigger oxygen release. [3] Consequently, the Co can be substituted with Ni or Mn, which possess better chemical stabilities, to produce LiNiO 2 or LiMn 2 O 4 . [4, 5] Alas, Ni and Mn have lower structural stabilities than Co and consequently, the former can result in poor thermal stability and