Detailed Clinical Models: A Review

William Goossen, Anneke Goossen-Baremans, Michael van der Zel
2010 Healthcare Informatics Research  
health care information technology (HIT) to address a multitude of purposes. Clinicians, researchers, managers, institutions for quality control, regulatory agencies, health statistics developers, among others, have an increasing interest in data element standards for clinical data [1] [2] [3] [4] . Of particular interest are the relationships among data elements that represent clinical concepts. In addition, standards organizationson national and international levels have an interest in this
more » ... rk because only standardized data element will reveal the full potential [5] [6] [7] [8] . We see many synonyms used for clinical modeling, such as clinical elements [1], templates [9,10], care information models [11] , clinical content models [12] , clinical templates [9], archetypes [9,13], clinical fragments [9], general purpose information components, detailed clinical models (DCM) [1,2,4], and more. Each of these usually comes from a project or initiative that aims at one or more of the following goals: Objectives: Due to the increasing use of electronic patient records and other health care information technology, we see an increase in requests to utilize these data. A highly level of standardization is required during the gathering of these data in the clinical context in order to use it for analyses. Detailed Clinical Models (DCM) have been created toward this purpose and several initiatives have been implemented in various parts of the world to create standardized models. This paper presents a review of DCM. Methods: Two types of analyses are presented; one comparing DCM against health care information architectures and a second bottom up approach from concept analysis to representation. In addition core parts of the draft ISO standard 13972 on DCM are used such as clinician involvement, data element specification, modeling, meta information, and repository and governance. Results: Six initiatives were selected: Intermountain Healthcare, 13606/OpenEHR Archetypes, Clinical Templates, Clinical Contents Models, Health Level 7 templates, and Dutch Detailed Clinical Models. Each model selected was reviewed for their overall development, involvement of clinicians, use of data types, code bindings, expressing semantics, modeling, meta information, use of repository and governance. Conclusions: Using both a top down and bottom up approach to comparison reveals many commonalties and differences between initiatives. Important differences include the use of or lack of a reference model and expressiveness of models. Applying clinical data element standards facilitates the use of conceptual DCM models in different technical representations.
doi:10.4258/hir.2010.16.4.201 pmid:21818440 pmcid:PMC3092133 fatcat:fvsn4vifa5d5xl5kfncfbi4qry