Political participation has increasingly taken unconventional forms in advanced democracies. At the same time, the traditional party systems of Europe have been upended by the recent emergence of successful niche parties. While some studies have examined partisanship and protest in tandem, the literature lacks a theoretical framework that ties niche voters to political protest. This article argues that niche voters are more likely to protest than mainstream voters, especially when the politics

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... f governing coalitions results in niche parties being unable to represent their voters. Specifically, niche voters are more likely to protest when their party joins a coalition with a PM who is ideologically distant from the niche party's position. Using all nine waves of the European Social Survey in Western Europe, the findings broadly support this argument. These findings have important implications for understanding conditions under which people engage in political protest, especially voters of niche parties. Supplemental data for this article can be accessed online at https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2022.2040237 .