This paper aimed to identify the various kinds of distributed denial of service attacks (DDoS) attacks, their destructive capabilities, and most of all, how best these issues could be counter attacked and resolved for the benefit of all stakeholders along the cloud continuum, preferably as permanent solutions. A compilation of the various types of DDoS is done, their strike capabilities and most of all, how best cloud computing environment issues could be addressed and resolved for the benefit

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... f all stakeholders along the cloud continuum. The key challenges against effective DDoS defense mechanism are also explored.