Wheeled mobile robots (WMRs) in real complex environments such as on extraterrestrial planets are confronted with uncertain external disturbances and strong coupling of wheel-ground interactions while tracking commanded trajectories. Methods based on sliding mode control (SMC) are popular approaches for these situations. Traditional SMC has some potential problems, such as slow convergence, poor robustness, and excessive output chattering. In this paper, a kinematic-based feed-forward control

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... del is designed for WMRs with longitudinal slippage and applied to the closed-loop control system for active compensation of time-varying slip rates. And a new adaptive SMC method is proposed to guide a WMR in trajectory tracking missions based on the kinematic model of a general WMR. This method combines the adaptive control method and a fast double-power reaching law with the SMC method. A complete control loop with active slip compensation and adaptive SMC is thus established. Simulation results show that the proposed method can greatly suppress chattering and improve the robustness of trajectory tracking. The feasibility of the proposed method in the real world is demonstrated by experiments with a skid-steered WMR on the loose-soil terrain.