Objective: Identify key elements of an effective visualization method for communicating personalized surgical risks to patients. Background: Currently, there is no consensus on which risks should be communicated during the informed consent process and how. Furthermore, patient preferences are often not considered during the consent process. These inefficiencies can lead to non-beneficial outcomes and raise the potential for legal implications. To address the limitations of the informed consent

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... rocess, we propose a visual consent tool (VCT) that incorporates patient preferences and communicates personalized risks to patients using data visualization. Methods: To understand how patients perceive risk visualizations and their role in the informed consent discussion, we gathered feedback on visualizations by conducting semi-structured interviews during postoperative visits. Thematic analysis was performed to identify major themes. Iterative evaluation and consolidation of the major themes were performed with domain experts. Results: A total of 20 patients were interviewed for this study with a median age of 59 (sd = 14). The thematic analysis revealed factors that influence the perception of risk, of risk visualizations, and the usefulness of the proposed VCT. We found that patients preferred VCT over the current methods and had different preferences for risk visualization. Further, our findings suggest that surgical concerns of patients were not in line with existing risk calculators. Conclusion: We were able to identify key elements that influence effective risk communication in the perioperative setting. We found that patient preference is variable and should influence choices for risk presentation and visualization.