GPS has been commonly used for vehicle localization. However, since GPS signals are very sensitive to terrain and interference, they may become unavailable in places such as lower layers of multilayer bridges, streets besides high buildings, tunnels etc. In this paper, Introducing a novel RFID-based approach for vehicle localization in GPS-less road environments, where passive RFID tags are deployed on the roads and readers are installed on vehicles. To achieve accurate vehicle localization,

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... s proposing an error-cognitive localization system. The RFID tags for calculating the distance travelled by the vehicle and automatic withdrawal of amount from the user's registered account while it passes through a toll gate. Using RFID tags a new vehicle is monitored that enters in the city by updating the details of the vehicle in the database.