A memetic particle swarm optimization (MPSO) algorithm is applied to fine-tune the asymmetrical difference pattern of a linear array, which is useful for tracking targets, for example, in radar applications. The side-lobe level of the asymmetrical difference pattern with various peak differences can be successfully reduced, while maintaining the desired squint angle and the side-lobe difference. Conventional PSO, genetic algorithm (GA) and memetic GA (MGA) have also been applied, with the

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... l conditions of uniformly-excited and Bayliss linear arrays, to compare their performance of optimization.