Citations are significant academically for establishing research backgrounds and justifying a research problem. In spite of the increasing studies on citations, limited studies have employed the Systemic Functional Linguistics in analysing citations. Therefore, this study explores the logico-semantic relations in citations with clause complexes, employing the ideational metafunction of the Functional Theory. The study adopted a purposeful sampling in selecting the literature review chapters of

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... 0 PhD theses by EFL postgraduates in a public Malaysian university in two disciplines: Information Technology and Applied Linguistics. The findings revealed that citations were structured to realise two logico-semantic relations, mainly Expansion and Projection with several subcategories for each. A combination of Projection and Expansion was also used, which resulted in reclassifying the logico-semantic relations. The findings could present comprehensive descriptions of citations that could be pedagogically utilised for academic purposes. 159 in their study, Jomaa and Bidin (2016) demonstrate that the cited author functions as a subject, a complement, and an adjunct at the interpersonal meanings. Under the experiential meanings, the cited author has functions of an actor, a sayer, and a senser that are conflated with the function of the subject. In addition, the cited author has functions like a goal and an attribute that are conflated with the function of the complement and other functions like a location, an agent, and a matter that are conflated with the function of the adjunct. Other researchers, such as Thompson (2002) and Thompson and Tribble (2001) , focused on subcategorising integral and non-integral citations into several subcategories. Within the citation types, several studies have focused on analysing reporting verbs (