Theincreasing need for improved refractory and reactive high strength materials has led to the development of special production processes. This article will consider electron beammelting and refining which is playing an important role especiaily in the production of nickel base superalloys, specialty steels, refractory metals such as tantalum, niobium, tungsten, and molybdenum and reactive metals such as hafnium, vanadium, zirconium, and titanium and their alloys. The drip and cold hearth

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... ng and refining techniques including the electron beamheat sources are described. Process data and results for various materials are given.