Phase II clinical trials of MEK inhibitors are ongoing and ERK1/2 activation is frequently used as a biomarker. In light of the mutational activation of BRAF and KRAS in colorectal cancer (CRC), inhibitors of the Raf-MEK-ERK mitogen-activated protein kinase are anticipated to be promising. Previous studies in pancreatic cancer have found little correlation between BRAF/KRAS mutation status and ERK1/2 activation, suggesting that identifying biomarkers of MEK inhibitor response may be more

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... ging than previously thought. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of MEK inhibitor therapy for CRC and BRAF/KRAS mutation status and ERK1/2 activation as biomarkers for MEK inhibitor therapy. First, we found that MEK inhibitor treatment impaired the anchorage-independent growth of nearly all KRAS/BRAF mutant, but not wild-type, CRC cells. There was a correlation between BRAF, but not KRAS, mutation status and ERK1/2 activation. Second, neither elevated ERK1/2 activation nor reduction of ERK1/2 activity correlated with MEK inhibition of anchorage-independent growth. Finally, we validated our cell line observations and found that ERK1/2 activation correlated with BRAF, but not KRAS, mutation status in 190 patient CRC tissues. Surprisingly, we also found that ERK activation was elevated in normal colonic epithelium, suggesting that normal cell toxicity may be a complication for CRC treatment. Our results suggest that although MEK inhibitors show promise in CRC, KRAS/BRAF mutation status, but not ERK activation as previously thought, may be useful biomarkers for MEK inhibitor sensitivity.