Autoinflammatory attacks in familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) are accompanied by elevated levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), and are controllable by IL-1-targeting drugs. In combination, IL-6 and IL-1 are known to be potent inducers of T helper (Th) 17 cells development. Therefore, we studied the Th17 population size, and activation potential, of FMF patients. Based on the relative mRNA expression of the Th1, Th2, Treg and Th17 transcription factors T-bet, GATA3, FOXP3 and retinoic acid-related

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... phan receptor gT (RORgT), respectively, the Th17 population in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of healthy subjects was estimated at 2.5% of the entire Th population and 4.4% in FMF patients in remission (n ¼ 6 for each group, P ¼ 0.03). IL-17 secretion after universal stimulation of the T-cell receptor in PBMCs culture was twice higher in cultures of patients with frequent attacks (n ¼ 18) than in those of patients with infrequent attacks (n ¼ 10, 1124 ± 266 vs 615 ± 196 pg ml À 1 , P ¼ 0.009). IL-17 secretion correlated well with IL17A mRNA level. Part of the increased secretion was related to the deleterious, MEFV p.M694V homozygous genotype (n ¼ 19, 1.5-fold, P ¼ 0.03). Almost all IL-17 producer cells were CD4-positive (CD4 þ IL-17 þ ). In conclusion, frequent attacks and the deleterious FMF genotype appear to drive FMF patients to a heightened Th17 response.