2  Semantic underdifferentiation: The neutralization or underdiffrenciation of emotive distinctions between certain lexical items.  Lexico-semantic duplication and redundancy: The duplication of lexical items either having identity of reference or belonging to the same semantic field, or use of superfluous modifier for emphasis.  Ellipsis: The deletion of the head word in a nominal group structure.  Conversion: The deliberate transfer of a word from one part of speech to the other without any change in its form.