To study the autonomous learning model of the learning robot for marine resource exploration, an adaptive neural network controller was applied. The motion characteristics of autonomous learning robots were identified. The mathematical model of the multilayer forward neural network and its improved learning algorithm were studied. The improved Elman regression neural network and the composite input dynamic regression neural network were further discussed. At the same time, the diagonal neural

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... twork was analysed from the structure and learning algorithms. The results showed that for the complex environment of the ocean, the structure of the composite input dynamic regression network was simple, and the convergence was fast. In summary, the identification method of underwater robot system based on neural network is effective.