This paper assesses the impact of road infrastructure investments on the structural competitiveness of Burkina Faso's economy over the period 1980 to 2015. The methodology adopted presents, on the one hand, the endogenous growth theory as a theoretical reference framework and, on the other hand, exposes the direct and indirect effects of public infrastructure spending on the performance of the economy. After conducting preliminary tests, an Error Correction Model (ECM) and the results reveal

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... t investment in road infrastructure positively and significantly affects the structural competitiveness of the country's economy. However, this impact varies over time. Indeed, the elasticity of structural competitiveness with respect to road investments is 0.06 in the short term and 0.32 in the long term. In view of these results, the economic policy implication that emerges is that an increase in road infrastructure investment is a policy of increasing the structural competitiveness of the country's economy.