Within electric and hybrid vehicles, batteries are used to provide/buffer the energy required for driving. However, battery performance varies throughout the temperature range specific to automotive applications, and as such, models that describe this behaviour are required. This paper presents a dynamic battery model describing the battery voltage based on current and temperature. A model identification method is presented and validation tests are performed. The results show that when

more »

... re influences are included in the models, a significant increase in performance can be achieved. Modelling errors lower that 5% are achieved for validation tests conducted at -10 • C, 0 • C and 10 • C, whereas the models that do not consider temperature show errors up to 10%.