The construction of semi-empirical Hamiltonians for materials that have the predictive power is an urgent task in materials simulation. This task is necessitated by the bottleneck encountered in using density functional theory (DFT)-based molecular dynamics (MD) schemes for the determination of structural properties of materials. Although DFT/MD schemes are expected to have predictive power, they can only be applied to systems of about a few hundreds of atoms at the moment. MD schemes based on

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... ight-binding (TB) Hamiltonians, on the other hand, are much faster and applicable to larger systems. However, the conventional TB Hamiltonians include only two-center interactions and they do not have the framework to allow the self-consistent determination of the charge redistribution. Therefore, in the strictest sense, they can only be used to provide explanation for system-specific experimental results. Specifically, their transferability is limited and they do not have predictive power. To overcome the size limitation of DFT/MD schemes on the one hand and the lack of transferability of the conventional two-center TB Hamiltonians on the other, there exists an urgent need for the development of semi-empirical Hamiltonians for materials that are transferable and hence, have predictive power. The key ingredient to the development of semi-empirical Hamiltonians for materials that have predictive power is a reliable and efficient scheme to mimic the effect of screening by electrons when atoms are brought together to form a stable aggregate. Such an ingredient requires the construction of 2935 S. Yip (ed.), Handbook of Materials Modeling, 2935-2942.