Nowadays the common use of diagnostic and therapeutic ionizing radiation increases worries about excessive occupational and patient exposure. The novel fluoroscopic-guided endoscopic procedures can diminish radiation dose during urologic procedures. A "two-point technique (TPT)" is defined in which the fluoroscope image intensifier (c-arm) is shifted among caudal and cephalad set points of the operative field. Maybe patient radiation exposure is less with TPT than with a non-structured

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... nal technique, stated as the cognitive fluoroscopic technique (CFT). As we could see the urethral lumen clearly by Ureteroscope and endoscopic visions, we use rarely x-ray during our routine procedures in our center, except for percutaneous nephrolithotripsy.