Nanotechnology has become a very advanced and popular form of technology with huge potentials. It has been well explored in the fields of electronics, automobiles, construction, medicine, and cosmetics, but the exploration of nanotechnology's use in agriculture is still limited. Due to climate changes, 40% of crops face abiotic and biotic stress; with the global demand for food increasing. Nanotechnology is the best technique to mitigate challenges in disease management in crops by reducing the

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... use of chemical inputs such as herbicides, pesticides, and fungicides. Recently, nanotechnology research has suggested the development of NPs as a powerful manner to reduce the existing problems resulting from conventional fertilizers in traditional agricultural systems. Nutrient deficiency in food crops is seriously affecting human health, fundamentally those in the rural areas, and nanotechnology may become the most sustainable approach to attenuating this challenge. Nanotechnology in agriculture can bring many benefits, such as better use of nutrients by plants, reducing waste. Since plants can absorb nutrients from fertilizers, but most conventional fertilizers have low nutrient use and uptake efficiency. Nanofertilizers are therefore, engineered to be target oriented and not easily lost, furthermore are essential resources in agriculture in order to increase crop production, quality, productivity, and boost nutrient uptake. Nano-fertilizer is efficient for specific use of nutrients at appropriate time of plant growth and can provide nutrients as a whole with the crop. Growing crops with intensive fertilization may be limiting to crop growth due to nutrient toxicity. The applicability of nanotechnology benefits to date, has not yet reached up to field conditions. Functions of nanoparticles depends on their physicochemical properties, the method of application, and concentration. It is important to understand plants underlying mechanism and response towards nanoparticles, and the gene expression changes