SHORTER NOTICES. 197 the different states for the training of this class of engineers. The authors go into these in detail. A composite cross-sectional view of present practise would show about the following. At least one or two years of practical training under the guidance of a regularly appointed surveyor. This practical experience may precede or follow the course of instruction in the technical schools. An average of about four semesters in a technical school offering the special courses

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... uired. An opportunity to advance in the profession. Advancement based solely on merit. The courses offered necessarily include trigonometry, algebraic analysis, analytic and descriptive geometry, the calculus, mechanics, sometimes the method of least squares, astronomy, geodesy, drafting, map-making, seminar. A general survey is made of the methods of handling these various subjects. And one is not surprised to find that throughout there are emphasized all those which aim to develop the order, accuracy, simplicity, and efficiency so desirable in any engineer. Among suggestions intended to secure a greater efficiency the authors include such as the founding of higher schools, a three-year course of study, and a longer apprenticeship. ERNEST W. PONZER.