With the increasing development of EVs, the energy demand from the conventional utility grid increases in proportion. On the other hand, photovoltaic (PV) energy sources can overcome several problems when charging EVs from the utility grid especially in remote areas. This paper presents an effective photovoltaic stand-alone charging station for EV applications. The proposed charging station incorporates PV array, a lithium-ion battery representing the EV battery, and a lead-acid battery

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... ting the energy storage system (ESS). A bidirectional DC-DC converter is employed for charging/discharging the ESS and a unidirectional DC-DC converter is utilized for charging the EV battery. The proposed controllers achieve maximum power extraction from the PV and regulate the DC-link voltage. It also controls the voltage and current levels of both the ESS and the EV during the charging/discharging process. The study has been applied to two cases with different power levels. Analysis, simulation, and implementation of the proposed system are presented. A 120 W laboratory prototype is carried out to verify the system performance, experimentally. Design guides for higher power levels are proposed to help in choosing the proper parameters of the converters. Both the simulation and experimental results are matched and verify the high performance of the proposed system.