The present study illustrates a process of collaborative co-creation in communities for disaster preparedness, inclusively, with various residents particularly the elderly and persons with disabilities who are often excluded from preparedness activities. First, we examine the concept of co-creation and define it as a collaborative process among community agencies toward conviviality. Second, the concept is historically divided based on typical community preparedness for disaster into the

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... ng three generations. The first generation is formed by the specialists who teach community residents how to prepare for the disasters (e.g., a group of researchers supervise a disaster drill in a community). The second generation began following the 1995 Kobe Earthquake initiated by non-profit organizations which developed new disaster-related events for communities (e.g., participation in a game leads the residents to practice for the next disaster). These generations are still popular in many communities; however, not many residents are motivated to participate in the drill or the game because they are additional burdens on the community. The third generation consists of invitations of various people to an existing community event such as an autumn festival in which many residents are pleased to take part, without any accompanying burden. The residents do no more than conduct the event as usual, but every elderly and each person with a disability, for instance, are especially invited. This invitation is an unintentional drill for early evacuation for disasters that may impact the community. The present study presents an example of the third generation and its theoretical and practical implications, not only for disaster preparedness in communities, but also the concept of co-creation toward conviviality.