Both phenotypes of heart failure (HF) with preserved (HFpEF) and reduced (HFrEF) ejection fraction associate with various co-morbidities. The role of specific mediators in certain pathological conditions related to HFpEF and reduced HFrEF is not completely investigated. In this context, the discovery of novel biomarkers that might predict the development of HFpEF is attractive. The objective of the mini review: to investigate the potential role of calprotectin in identifying patients at higher

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... isk of HFpEF phenotype development. Calprotectin (known as Myeloid-Related Protein complex 8/14, S100A8/A9) is calcium and zinc binding heterocomplex protein that was found in elevated level in several conditions associated with infections, inflammation, autoimmunity, allografts' rejection, malignancy, obesity/metabolic disorders. In HF individuals calprotectin contributes to maintenance of contractile cardiac function and relaxing ability of ventricles, as well as it might reverse negative force-frequency interrelationship, improve sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ uptake and protect against arrhythmia. There is a large spectrum of evidence regarding the role of exaggerated level of calprotectin in prediction adverse clinical outcomes in patients with HFpEF exhibits considerable clinical value and requires more investigations.