Nationally, more than one-third of students enrolling in introductory computer science programming courses (CS101) do not succeed. To improve student success rates, this research team used supervised machine learning to identify students who are "at-risk" of not succeeding in CS101 at a two-year public college. The resultant predictive model accurately identifies \(\approx\)99% of "at-risk" students in an out-of-sample test data set. The programming instructor piloted the use of the model's

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... ictive factors as early alert triggers to intervene with individualized outreach and support across three course sections of CS101 in fall 2020. The outcome of this pilot study was a 23% increase in student success and a 7.3 percentage point decrease in DFW rate. More importantly, this study identified academic, early alert triggers for CS101. Specifically, the first two graded programs are of paramount importance for student success in the course.