Gross domestic product (GDP) is one indicator for measuring a country's economic growth. However, the increase in GDP and population growth are affecting CO 2 emissions. This study analyses the effects of GDP and population density on CO 2 emissions in Indonesia. To this end, it used the Cobb-Douglas model, and parameter estimation using Ant Colony Optimisation algorithm. The analysis of the results reveals that GDP and population density influence CO 2 emissions in Indonesia significantly, and

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... significantly follows the Cobb-Douglas model with increasing return to scale characteristics. Thus, an increase in GDP and population density will lead to increased CO 2 emissions in Indonesia.