Beliefs about the malleability of intellectual ability—mindsets—shape achievement. Recent evidence suggests that even young children hold such mindsets; yet, no reliable and valid instruments exist for measuring individual differences in young children's mindsets. Here, we developed an instrument for this purpose—the Growth Mindset Scale for Children (GM-C), suitable for children as young as 4. Evidence on US (Study 1; N = 220; 50% girls; 39% White) and South African (Study 2; N = 331; 54%

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... ; 100% Black) children suggested the GM-C scale has strong internal consistency and test-retest reliability; it is also valid (e.g., GM-C scores predicted learning goals). The GM-C is a reliable, valid, and cross-culturally robust measure of young children's mindsets.