The great hammerhead is denser than water, and hence relies on hydrodynamic lift to compensate for its lack of buoyancy, and on hydrodynamic moment to compensate for a possible misalignment between centres of mass and buoyancy. Because hydrodynamic forces scale with the swimming speed squared, whereas buoyancy and gravity are independent of it, there is a critical speed below which the shark cannot generate enough lift to counteract gravity, and there are anterior and posterior centre-of-mass

more »

... mits beyond which the shark cannot generate enough pitching moment to counteract the buoyancy-gravity couple. The speed and centre-of-mass limits were found from numerous wind-tunnel experiments on a scaled model of the shark. In particular, it was shown that the margin between the anterior and posterior centre-of-mass limits is a few tenths of the product between the length of the shark and the ratio between its weight in and out of water; a diminutive 1% body length. The paper presents the wind-tunnel experiments, and discusses the roles that the cephalofoil and the pectoral- and caudal-fins play in longitudinal balance of a shark.