Traditional power purchase agreements for renewable energy have seen rapid growth in recent years, but they only match supply and demand on average over a longer period such as a year. There is increasing interest from leaders in voluntary clean electricity procurement to cover their consumption with clean energy supply on truly 24/7 basis. Achieving 24/7 carbon-free energy means that every kilowatt-hour of electricity consumption is met with carbon-free electricity sources, every hour of every

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... day. In this study, we investigate both the means and costs of pursuing different clean electricity procurement strategies for companies in a selection of European countries. We also explore how the 24/7 clean energy procurement affects the rest of the European electricity system. The study was supported by a grant from Google Inc.