The counting and (upper) mass dimensions of a setA⊆$\mathbb{R}^d$are$$D(A) = \limsup_{\|C\| \to \infty} \frac{\log | \lfloor A \rfloor \cap C |}{\log \|C\|}, \quad \smash{\overline{D}}\vphantom{D}(A) = \limsup_{\ell \to \infty} \frac{\log | \lfloor A \rfloor \cap [-\ell,\ell)^d |}{\log (2 \ell)},$$where ⌊A⌋ denotes the set of elements ofArounded down in each coordinate and where the limit supremum in the counting dimension is taken over cubesC⊆$\mathbb{R}^d$with side length ‖C‖ → ∞. We give a

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... aracterization of the counting dimension via coverings:$$D(A) = \text{inf} \{ \alpha \geq 0 \mid {d_{H}^{\alpha}}(A) = 0 \},$$where$${d_{H}^{\alpha}}(A) = \lim_{r \rightarrow 0} \limsup_{\|C\| \rightarrow \infty} \inf \biggl\{ \sum_i \biggl(\frac{\|C_i\|}{\|C\|} \biggr)^\alpha \ \bigg| \ 1 \leq \|C_i\| \leq r \|C\| \biggr\}$$in which the infimum is taken over cubic coverings {Ci} ofA∩C. Then we prove Marstrand-type theorems for both dimensions. For example, almost all images ofA⊆$\mathbb{R}^d$under orthogonal projections with range of dimensionkhave counting dimension at least min(k,D(A)); if we assumeD(A) =D(A), then the mass dimension ofAunder the typical orthogonal projection is equal to min(k,D(A)). This work extends recent work of Y. Lima and C. G. Moreira.