Research in and application of advanced wastewater treatment technologies in the Mediterranean Basin require public awareness of the need for sustainable water resources to be raised through local information programs. Since wastewater treatment and reuse systems are generally capital-intensive and require highly-paid specialized operators, this point must be given especial relevance when applying new techniques, such as membrane bioreactors, tertiary chemical oxidation processes, etc., in

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... countries. This chapter gives a general overview on research currently underway in the Mediterranean Basin countries on innovative technologies for wastewater treatment, and compares them to the conventional technologies currently employed in wastewater treatment plants. Moreover, not only water availability, but also water quality, is essential for human life, health and safety, especially if sanitary requirements are not met. A summary of disinfection applications and research activities under development in the South Mediterranean and Middle East Regions is presented.