This study presents a comprehensive detailed analysis of the effect of five different random modulation switching schemes and their randomness levels on the elector magnetic interference (EMI) of designed simple and interleaved DC-DC buck converters for smartphone applications. The analyzed switching schemes are pulse width modulation (PWM), random pulse width modulation (RPWM), random pulse position modulation (RPPM), random carrier frequency modulation various duty (RCFMVD), and random

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... frequency modulation fixed duty (RCFMFD). The experimental analysis is performed for all aforementioned switching modulation schemes at the switching frequency of 20 kHz and different randomness levels (RL) (30% to 85%). For a fixed RL of 40%, the switching current harmonics/conducted emission (CE) levels are 5–10 dB/11 dBμV and 17 dB/14 dBμV lower for the RCFMVD case when compared to conventional PWM for both simple and interleaved buck-converters, respectively. The observed switching current harmonics and CE levels for interleaved schemes are around 23 dB and 12 dBμV lower when compared to the conventional simple buck converter scheme for the analyzed circuit configurations. The EMI levels decrease with the increase in the randomness levels from 30% to 85% with less variations in the output voltage level. The findings suggest that a interleaved buck converter circuit with the least-independent switching mechanisms and higher randomness is more appropriate for the reduction of both current spikes and CE levels with RCFMFD as the switching modulation scheme.