Carbon capture and storage is one of the critical technologies that can enable the reduction of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions of large industrial sites worldwide. The injection of CO 2 into saline water formations is related with many factors and processes that control the safety of its long-term storage. This paper analyzes the leakage risks and the factors that influence the integrity of the cap rock in deep saline aquifer formation. Several pathways have leakage potential risks due to

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... ciencies in the cap rock, new facture networks, abandoned wells, and earthquake-induced fractures. The internal factors that influence the integrity of the cap rock include the type of cap rock and the natural parameters of aquifer formations, such as the permeability, porosity, facture aperture, and so on. External factors, including the multi-process coupling of hydraulic, thermal, chemical, and mechanical processes, are crucial to the stability of the cap rock.