This article is dedicated to the problem of pediatric vesicoureteral reflux, which is a common problem medicine with a severe impact to the renal function. Currently, there is a worldwide tendency of the urologic pathology, which is significantly determined by environmental and genetic factors. The present work is a comprehensive study of the latest literature data with emphasis on the risk factors, techniques of clinical, biohumoral and laboratory diagnosis, as well as on the imagistic methods in children with vesicoureteral reflux.