This paper provides a new theoretical and basic result in the framework of cooperative visual-inertial sensor fusion. Specifically, the case of two aerial vehicles is investigated. Each vehicle is equipped with inertial sensors (accelerometer and gyroscope) and with a monocular camera. By using the monocular camera, each vehicle can observe the other vehicle. No additional camera observations (e.g., of external point features in the environment) are considered. First, the entire observable

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... is analytically derived. This state includes the relative position between the two aerial vehicles (which includes the absolute scale), the relative velocity and the three Euler angles that express the rotation between the two vehicle frames. Then, the basic equations that describe this system are analytically obtained. In other words, both the dynamics of the observable state and all the camera observations are expressed only in terms of the components of the observable state and in terms of the inertial measurements. These are the fundamental equations that fully characterize the problem of fusing visual and inertial data in the cooperative case. The last part of the paper describes the use of these equations to achieve the state estimation through an EKF. In particular, a simple manner to limit communication among the vehicles is discussed. Results obtained through simulations show the performance of the proposed solution, and in particular how it is affected by limiting the communication between the two vehicles.