The words in -wv, -oVroS are nearly all of participial formation, but isolated from the verb-system in form or use or both; a few are the result of transfer from v-stems. They comprise a number of simple nouns and adjectives, a group of adjective compounds with participial form as second member, and numerous proper names. 1. Simple nouns and adjectives.-The oldest of these, in point of isolation from the verb is obous, which represents a form that is in origin a participle of ed-'eat,' but had

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... lready become an ordinary noun 'tooth' in the parent-speech. (cf. Skt. dant-, Lat dens, Goth. tunJrnus, etc.). The nominative obo's, parallel to bLbovs from *&6bvTS, preserves the normal IE. nominative formation for stems in -ont-, while all the other words to be mentioned accord with the usual Greek inflection of thematic participles with nominative in -wp (probably a Greek innovation due to the influence of v-stems). The latter occurs in the Ionic form o68&z (Hdt., Hippoc.), and in the compounds XavXLO8 wv, etc.,3 which as adjectives, though often 1 See Introductory Note, CP. 5. 323 ff. 2 Exclusive of ordinary participles belonging to the regular verb-system. Included are also 6Mobs, 666vros, words with gen. -(vTOS, and feminines in -ovra. 3The modern lexicons and grammars give -65ovs as the normal form of compounds, -M&v as the exceptional. The discussion in Lobeck, Paralip. 248, so commonly cited, gives no adequate picture of the facts. A recent comment on &pyt6&ov, Ap. Rh. 2. 820, states that "apyt65ovs is the Hom. form." But as a matter of fact the two Homeric compounds of this kind, &p7L&3Oz0T-and Kapxap6fSovT-, occur only in the oblique cases; likewise TpL60oVT-in Pindar, in Aeschylus. The earliest quotable nominative singular form is xaZvWXLv Hes. Sh. 387 (also in Hdn. 2. 730. 16), and the next is KvP65CP Epich. 29 Kaibel. Eight of these compounds occur frequently in Aristotle, but the only nominative singular forms are aoMw&v H.A. 591b 5, 9; 598a 10 (with variants avv6Swi, avviO,wv), and KapXap6&J.v H.A. 501a 22 (so to be read, with Ca). From later times we have KaPxapX*ZPO Theocr. 24. 85, &p-yt65cv Ap. Rh. 2. 820, &pu,b&v Hesych., &a4xz6wv and KpaTfpC3&Jv Hdn. 2. 730. 15, and the significant CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY XVI, July, 1921] 260 This content downloaded from 131.172.036.029 on October 12, 2016 18:28:50 PM All use subject to University of Chicago Press Terms and Conditions (http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/t-and STUDIES IN GREEK NOUN-FORMATION 261 used substantively, were more especially influenced by the participles. 'y'pwv agrees precisely with Skt. jarant-'decayed, infirm, old, an old man' (cf. also Avest. zaurvan-'old age'), which is in origin a participle of jar-'waste away,' but shows the specialized meaning already in the Veda, where jarant-is contrasted with yuvan-'young.' EKWV is in origin a participle of the root seen in Skt. vaC-'be eager, will.' Hom. aKe'wv, used like the adverb aK,7v 'softly, silently,' and sometimes indeclinably with feminine or plural subject, is formed to aKrlv after the analogy of participles, as if from a verb aiKE'w (abKoLs in Ap. Rh. 1. 175 is only an artificial back-formation from Hom. aKdwv). Similarly Hom. ypIr,'op6wv to f'ypr7yopa, as if from a present in -acw. Original v-stems, with transfer to vr-declension are: Xe'wv (cf. fem. XEaLva), 'aKWV 'javelin' (cf. aKaLva 'thorn'), Gepal7rwv (cf. Gepa7raLva), and 8paKcwv (cf. 8pcKaava). Kp' wV, Hom. KpElWV, would be a further example, if taken as an original comparative = Skt. greyas-'fairer, better, distinguished.' But against this see Osthoff, Morph. Unt. 6. 94, who assumes rather a participle of the same root, namely statement of Eustathius, 854. 13 ff., who, after mentioning 6bofs, proceeds: EViPIlTaL f KaLi 6&Aw, it OkV KaLi irpoo&AV . . . ., Ka" o XaVXL6&ov KaLi &/A56&V Kca 6 XaXK6&ov Kat Ta TOtaUTa. Over against this evidence for -co, we have TPL65OVS Ath. 454d, ivpt65ovs Anth. P. 9. 285. 2, Monodus Festus 135, uVO65ovs Hesych., Ae7aX65ovs E.M., irpo&5ovs Poll. 2. 96 (where Bethe now reads 7poocS,v); further Aov6A5ovs, Kv650ovs, etc. Ps. Hdn. Epim. 208, under the canon that such compounds end in -68ovs or -c&"v. This canon of unknown authorship, unsupported by any other grammarian, and obviously false in its elimination of -6&v, has been handed down to modern times. The facts show clearly enough that -6oovs is only a late form due to the influence of the simplex. This led further to nom. -acc. neut. -65ovv beside the normal -obov, the former a frequent MS variant in Aristot. H.A., but one to be rejected. Cf. also Solmsen, Beitr. zur griech. Wortfor8chung 30. As regards forms in -cO80VT-, the most certain is &/40"OVT-, frequent in Aristot. H.A. with consensus of MSS, while these vary between TpL&5OvT-and TpLeo5oPT-, and similarly for other compounds. Cf. also &Iuzq65wv, Kparep65wv Hdn. 2. 730. 15, epU.'OcV" XaX650PTas Hesych., rpoc65v Bekker Anec. 58. Apart from &1Aq50wv, which on account of A&Mow is a special case, these are less usual and later than forms in -o&wp. While they are examples of the well-known lengthening in composition (Wackernagel, Dehnungsgesetz der griech. Composita), they are not on a par with the compounds that show early and uniform lengthening, like those of orut or ovo/Aa (always -vvt, -&vv/os from Homer on). They belong rather to the later stratum of imitative lengthening, which is also recognized by Wackernagel, op. cit. 54. Wackernagel, it is true, finds evidence of early lengthening in XaXK6cwv, whence Hom. XaXKw6oPvTra67Is. But the derivation of this name from 66oos is far from obvious semantically, still less so that of the river name 0ep,65wv. This content downloaded from 131.172.036.029 on October 12, 2016 18:28:50 PM All use subject to University of Chicago Press Terms and Conditions (http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/t-and This content downloaded from 131.172.036.029 on October 12, 2016 18:28:50 PM All use subject to University of Chicago Press Terms and Conditions (http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/t-and STUDIES IN GREEK NOUN-FORMATION 273 The principal interchange is that due to the parallelism between proper names in -wv, -ovTos and the still more numerous class in -coV, -wvos. Names which properly belong to the former class may show forms in -wvos, these being especially common in northern Greece, notably in Thessaly and Delphi. Aswv, -ovroS, and so in compounds, but also AE'wvos IG. 12.9.1048, A'vos and 'AKpoXE'wvos Ath. Mitt. 27. 334 (Acarnania), A&wvos and 'AvrLXg'wvos SGDI. 2513 ('AvrLXE'wvos also 2508), 'A^ypoXE'covos IG. 9. 2. 216, NLKOXE'COvos IG. 9.1.360.9, HlavTaXg'wvos IG. 9. 2, p. xi, No.3, TL$o-X&ovos SGDI. 2294 B, IG. 2. 550. 22 (this also a Delphian decree). Names in -KpElC', -OV'OS, but Aa/IoKpEwvos IG. 12. 1. 1034. 7. Names in 4W-4, -6.iros, but OEoOW'Pos IG. 4. 764. 4, 'AXKukC'VOS IG. 9. 1. 487. 19, Aapzo/xvW'os IG. 9. 2. 66, KaXX4c*w-os BCH. 21. 288, Oevqc7'ovos, TL,uoO/xvi'os Jhb. Suppl. 10. 93. "AApXwv, -o'ros in Athens, IG. 2 passim, but -covos at Delphi (nearly thirty times in SGDI, also in the Delphian decree IG. 2. 550. 24), further IG. 7. 2827, SGDI. 5018a 2, 5028 Ba 6, Polyb. 22. 13, etc. Hap gEVCwv, -OVTOS, but -copos IG. 9. 1. 61. 15, also -ovoS IG. 9. 2. 224. 3 (-ONO2) IG 12. 5. 354. EVEXOw, -oVToS (above, p. 270), but -wvos BCH. 35. 461. 24 (Delphi), IG. 12. 1. 46. 298, 348. Ev'a'ywV, -oVros (above, p. 270), but -wvos SGDI. 3758. 109, 120. lloXvoawV, -OPros IG. 7. 2435 II 19, but -wvos SGDI. 2138. 2. P-pwv, -OVToS SGDI. 5545. 26, but -wvos SGDI. 5543. /paKwv, -ovros, but Aeol. -wvos Hdn. 2. 733. 16. 2rT[Xfwi, -oVToS Plut. Mor. 430, but -wvos ibid. 1029. Cf. YTrR-j3ovfa, but Boeot. ZTtX#(A3P6as. Ni6wv, -OVTos a town, Strabo 360 (also N(6o'Vos), but Ni8wv, -co'os, a river, ibid. 353, 360. MwVV, -wVPos regularly, but -oV'os Q. Sm. 18. 118, and implied by MEi'oi'rt6as SGDI. 5149. 8. 55. In this case the Pr-inflection is plainly secondary. Besides these variations in the same name, note the divergence between such pairs as 'ApK&oV, -OVTOS in Delos, but 4LtXe'.W, -wvos in Melos IG. 12. 3. 1157, or Hlapaja3XXov, -o'ros Paus. 6. 6. 3, but 'TTrEpf3&aXXov, -covos SGDI. 4961 (cf. 'T7repf3a'XXCv6as SGDI. 1954. 11), or between ME'vcov, JbE'pCw, 6Za'v with -covos and 'AvTLyL'i'cov, 'AvrLq4Epwv, lloxv?av, with -ovros.