In this paper an inverse problem for the space fractional heat conduction equation is investigated. Firstly, we describe the approximate solution of the direct problem. Secondly, for the inverse problem part, we define the functional illustrating the error of approximate solution. To recover the thermal conductivity coefficient we need to minimize this functional. In order to minimize this functional the real ant colony optimization algorithm is used. In the model we apply the Riemann-Liouville

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... fractional derivative. The paper presents also some examples to illustrate the accuracy and stability of the presented algorithm.