An Attempt to Preserve Free Will: Jürgen Habermas' Kantian Pragmatism - According to Jürgen Habermas, the debate between freedom and determinism arises from the mistaken notion that consciousness is a stable and distinct entity that can be identified in a biological substrate. The difficulties in finding such a substrate then create a vortex in which both the idea of freedom and that of responsibility are lost, opening the door to either epiphenomenalism or attempts at reductionism. Habermas

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... es to defend the place of free will by means of a Kantian pragmatism in which it is possible to reconcile freedom and determinism as two different, complementary and unavoidable ontologies.