Using anti-glomerular basement membrane nephritis in rats, we investigated the mechanisms underlying in situ chemokine expression and the in vivo function of these cytokines during the acute phase of this model. We observed that CXC chemokine expression was monophasic and paralleled neutrophil (PMN) influx, whereas CC chemokine expression was biphasic with peaks coinciding with the influx of PMNs and macrophages (Mphi). The initial peak of chemokine expression was attenuated by

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... , neutropenia, and leukopenia, while the latter peak was attenuated only by leukopenia and augmented in the accelerated form of this disease model, corresponding to an increase in Mphi influx. Differential expression of chemokines by PMNs and Mphi was not an intrinsic property of these cells, as these leukocytes expressed similar profiles of chemokines in vitro. Immunostaining for Mphi inflammatory protein-1alpha, a CC chemokine, in acute nephritis validated that expression during acute nephritis was accompanied by local protein production. Moreover, neutralizing Ab to Mphi inflammatory protein-1alpha attenuated the acute phase proteinuria, but not the accompanying influx of PMNs. Neutralizing Ab to cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (a CXC chemokine), in comparison, inhibited both PMN influx and proteinuria. A combination of both Abs was not significantly more effective than either alone. In sum, the influx of myeloid cells is necessary for local chemokine expression in anti-glomerular basement membrane nephritis, although the differential expression of CXC and CC chemokines must involve additional factors. CXC and CC chemokines also mediate distinct, but overlapping, pathophysiologic roles in the acute phase of this model.