Custom static analysis rules, i.e., rules specific for one or more applications, have been successfully applied to perform corrective and preventive software maintenance. Pattern-Driven Maintenance (PDM) is a method designed to support the creation of such rules during software maintenance. However, as PDM was recently proposed, few maintainers have reported on its usage. Hence, the challenges and skills needed to apply PDM properly are unknown. Aims: In this paper, we investigate the

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... faced by maintainers on applying PDM for creating custom static analysis rules for defect localization. Method: We conducted an observational study on novice maintainers creating custom static analysis rules by applying PDM. The study was divided into three tasks: (i) identifying a defect pattern, (ii) programming a static analysis rule to locate instances of the pattern, and (iii) verifying the located instances. We analyzed the efficiency and acceptance of maintainers on applying PDM and their comments on task challenges. Results: We observed that previous knowledge on debugging, the subject software, and related technologies influenced the performance of maintainers as well as the time to learn the technology involved in rule programming. Conclusions: The results strengthen our confidence that PDM can help maintainers in producing custom static analysis rules for locating defects. However, a proper selection and training of maintainers is needed to apply PDM effectively. Also, using a higher level of abstraction can ease static analysis rule programming for novice maintainers.